The meaning and content of the term “the biotic diversity” that means variability of living organisms are described in the article. The pattern of structural-functional connections between the basic levels of the living nature organization taken from the monograph by M.A. Golubets. The biodiversity of Ukraine is characterized, the role and significance of the Ukraine Red Book is critically estimated. The author scrupulously describes paradigm, object, subject and research methods of new biological science – biodiversitology. A proper attention is devoted to study threats of impoverishment and extinction of separate structures in the biodiversity, actions of protection of rare, relic, valuable for medicine, industry and science, species and landscapes which are generally recognized and conserved because of their historical and cultural value. The author examines tasks of Ukrainian botanists, mycobiologists, zoologists, hydrobiologists in light of International year of biodiversity, proclaimed by United Nations in 2009.

Keywords: biosphere, biological diversity, Ukraine Red Book, biodiversitology, ecosystem, environmentalism, level of living organization, noospherogenes, micobiota, phytobiota, ecological safetyof system, ecopolitology, environment

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